Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a complex and potentially fatal viral disease affecting cats worldwide. Until recently, FIP was considered a death sentence, but advancements in treatment have offered new hope. Understanding this disease is crucial for cat owners to recognize early symptoms and seek timely veterinary care, improving the chances of saving their beloved pets.
What is FIP?
FIP is caused by a mutation of the feline coronavirus, a common virus that infects cats, particularly in multi-cat environments. While most cats infected with the coronavirus experience mild or no symptoms, in some cases, the virus mutates and triggers a severe immune response, leading to FIP. It’s essential to note that detecting the coronavirus in a cat’s system doesn’t necessarily mean they have FIP, as the virus is widespread among cats and often causes only mild gastrointestinal issues.
How Do Cats Get FIP?
FIP is primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission, where cats come into contact with infected feces. Kittens are often exposed to the coronavirus at a young age, and while many cats carry the virus without issue, certain stressors can trigger the mutation that leads to FIP. Purebred cats, kittens under two years old, male cats (especially intact males), and cats from multi-cat households are at higher risk. However, any cat can develop FIP, and family history may also play a role.
Symptoms of FIP
The symptoms of FIP can vary depending on the form of the disease and how the cat’s immune system responds to the virus. Common signs include:
- Persistent fever that may fluctuate
- Lethargy and loss of appetite
- Weight loss and dull coat
- Neurological symptoms such as wobbliness, eye flickering, or circling (in the neurological form)
- Eye inflammation or discharge (in the ocular form)
- Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (wet or effusive form) or chest, leading to difficulty breathing
FIP Diagnosis Challenges
Diagnosing FIP is notoriously difficult due to its nonspecific symptoms and the lack of a definitive test. Veterinarians often rely on a combination of clinical signs, blood tests, imaging (X-rays or ultrasound), and fluid analysis. In some cases, biopsies or cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be necessary. Given the complexity and cost of these tests, vets may opt for a treatment trial if FIP is strongly suspected, monitoring the cat’s response to antiviral medication as a diagnostic tool.
FIP Treatment Options
In New Zealand, while there are no officially registered treatments for FIP, veterinarians can access antiviral medications like Remdesivir, GS-441524, and Molnupiravir through compounding pharmacies. These drugs have shown promise in treating FIP, though they require long-term administration (typically 84 days) and consistent dosing. The cost of treatment can be significant, and there’s no guarantee of success, but early intervention improves the chances of recovery.
The different forms of FIP have different likely response to treatment – for example, the neurologic form often doesn’t respond as well.
Prevention
Preventing FIP is challenging since the feline coronavirus is widespread. However, minimizing stress in young cats, keeping litter boxes clean, and avoiding large group housing can reduce the risk.
Conclusion
FIP is a serious but no longer hopeless diagnosis. With growing awareness and advancements in treatment, cat owners can act quickly to seek veterinary care if they notice symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving survival rates. If you suspect your cat might have FIP, consult your veterinarian as soon as possible to discuss the best course of action.